COVID-19 Vaccination and Mental Health: A Difference-in-Difference Analysis of the Understanding America Study
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Report Publish Date: December 15, 2021
This journal article describes a study examining whether being vaccinated against COVID-19 improved people’s mental health during the pandemic.
Primary Takeaways
The authors found that after being vaccinated, people’s distress levels declined. In addition, their perceived risk of infection decreased by 7.7 percentage points, their perceived risk of hospitalization decreased by 6.91, and their perceived risk of death decreased by 4.68 percentage points.
Overview and Objectives
Many people struggled with mental health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors wanted to know whether getting vaccinated made people feel less at risk and less distressed.
Hypothesis or Approach
The authors wanted to test the hypothesis that "vaccination improves mental health by reducing anticipatory fears of infection, hospitalization, and death.” They used a difference-in-difference method and data from the Understanding Coronavirus in America study, which surveyed people biweekly and then monthly from March 2020 to February 2021.
How This Influences Change
Campaigns encouraging vaccination against infectious diseases could promote their mental health benefits.
Research: Go Deeper
Introduction: Mental health problems increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The knowledge that one is less at risk after being vaccinated may alleviate distress, but this hypothesis remains unexplored. This study tests whether psychological distress declined in those vaccinated against COVID-19 in the U.S. and whether changes in anticipatory fears mediated any association.
Methods: A nationally representative cohort of U.S. adults (N=8,090) in the Understanding America Study were interviewed regularly from March 2020 to June 2021 (28 waves). Difference-in-differences regression tested whether vaccination reduced distress (Patient Health Questionnaire 4 scores), with mediation analysis used to identify potential mechanisms, including perceived risks of infection, hospitalization, and death.
Results: Vaccination was associated with a 0.04-SD decline in distress (95% CI= −0.07, −0.02). Vaccination was associated with a 7.77–percentage point reduction in perceived risk of infection (95% CI= −8.62, −6.92), a 6.91-point reduction in perceived risk of hospitalization (95% CI= −7.72, −6.10), and a 4.68-point reduction in perceived risk of death (95% CI= −5.32, −4.04). Including risk perceptions decreased the vaccination–distress association by 25%. Event study models suggest that vaccinated and never vaccinated respondents followed similar Patient Health Questionnaire 4 trends before vaccination, diverging significantly after vaccination. Analyses were robust to individual and wave fixed effects and time-varying controls. The effect of vaccination on distress varied by race/ethnicity, with the largest declines observed among American Indian and Alaska Native individuals (β= −0.20, p<0.05, 95% CI= −0.36, −0.03).
Conclusions: COVID-19 vaccination was associated with declines in distress and perceived risks of infection, hospitalization, and death. Vaccination campaigns could promote these additional benefits of receiving the COVID-19 vaccine.
Am J Prev Med, 2022. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.11.006
Research Team
This study and report was conducted and created by the following people.
- Koltai J
- Raifman J
- Bor J
- McKee M
- Stuckler D
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